From the set of characters consisting of the alphabet and the numerals 0-9. Most other typewriter characters are usually excluded and are reserved for programming, as control characters or as prompts. Also called alphameric.
A revised page of the Users Reference or Installation Manual.
A measure of the difference in direction between two lines.
To add data to the end of a data file.
One of several convenient parts into which you divide a mine or project. The area in square units of a polygon.
A standard way of coding characters (alpha, numeric and punctuation) into numbers so they can be handled and transmitted by computers. For example, A is 65, B is 66. It is an acronym for the group which made the code: American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
A history of changes made to a file, recorded in the file so you can follow the trail of changes backwards or forwards.
The second record in a string file. A line which is used to define a set of perpendicular sections.
In surveying: the horizontal direction of a line measured clockwise from a reference plane, usually the meridian. Contrasts with bearing.
In a traverse, a sight made with the instrument on the station just left. Also called back sighting.
A point used as a reference direction from the setup station.
The line which divides some segments of a string so that the area alone the balance line (cut) is equal to the area below the balance line (fill).
The tolerance for error between cut and fill areas when regrading a section in the reshaping function.
In surveying: a surveyed line established with more than usual care, to which surveys are referred for coordination and correlation.
A measure of how fast data are sent between computer and a device. It is approximately equal to the number of bits per second. In this context the term usually refers to data sent between computer and plotter or digitiser and the two must be configured at the same baud rate to communicate properly.
The clockwise horizontal angle between any survey line and a given reference direction. In the Core Management System (CMS) the reference direction is grid north.
In an open cut pit, a step comprising a level stretch (the bench floor) and a sloping wall going down to the next lower bench.
The level stretch of a bench
A standard for coding characters (alpha, numeric and punctuation) in 0s and 1s that are readable only by computers. The simplest code used by a computer, where information is arranged into permutations of just two numbers, 0 and 1.
The smallest unit of memory. It is a switch with just two positions -- off and on. The positions are also referred to as 0 and 1, or low and high.
A hole drilled for receiving a charge of explosive.
The place where a blasthole enters the ground.
The XYZ coordinates of a blasthole's collar.
An error made entering measurements or calculations into a surveying fieldbook
The techniques you use for recording measurements or calculations into a surveying fieldbook
A file containing data about a boundary string
A string which outlines the junction between two features
A convenient measure of information containing 8 bits. It is convenient because each character is represented by 8 bits.
Refers to small or capital letters: Lower case letters--'like these' Upper case letters--'LIKE THESE'
A field where upper or lower characters make a difference. For example, in a case sensitive field these four values are different: level246 Level246 leveL246 LEVEL246
Any one of the keyboard characters which can be displayed by pressing its key. There are three types of characters -- alpha, numeric and punctuation:
Those keys which produce characters on the screen when pressed, as distinct from command keys, which don't. See character for a list of the character keys.
A subdirectory of another directory (the parent directory) in the directory tree.
A string in which the two end points have the same x, y, z values.
The entry end of a drillhole.
In levelling along a series of instrument setups, the transfer of line of collimation from backsight to foresight by the change in reading on a graduated staff.
Any key you use to give a specific command to the computer. Some commands require a command key to be pressed by itself others require the command key to be pressed at the same time as other command or character keys.Compare function keys, character keys.
The imaginary intersection line between the ground surface and any given level surface a line connecting points on the ground surface which are at the same height above datum.
The vertical distance between adjacent contours in any particular case.
The Z value or elevation of a contour.
The line between two adjacent points on a contour
An object or mark on the ground whose YXZ coordinates are known accurately. The coordinates are usually determined by ground surveying along a traverse. Control points are used to form a framework by which map details can be fixed in their correct position, azimuth, elevation, and scale with respect to the earth's surface.
A set of measurements which specify the position or orientation of a point. The number of coordinates in the set depend on whether the point is: on a 1-dimensional line: one coordinate on a 2-dimensional plane: two coordinates in 3-dimensional space: three coordinates
In an open cut pit, the inner open edge of the bench floor
A string representing a crest
A set of wires or etched lines held in the focal plane of a telescope. They are used as index marks when aiming the telescope.
Short for Control. Does nothing when pressed alone. Used to perform particular commands by holding it down and pressing one or more other keys at the same time.
The file whose contents are now in memory
When the cut volume is equal to the fill volume.
The volume of material above a defined surface.
Information, without instructions for the computer. The computer memory stores data temporarily while the computer is on. The data are stored temporarily in computer memory while the computer is on, and in a more permanent form on hard disk and diskettes.
A file containing bare information, without instructions for the computer. It is one of three types of files which is used, the other two are operating files and application files. The three types form a hierarchy, with data files the highest and operating files the lowest. The data, consisting of numbers and words, is that which you have either typed into CMS or which CMS has created by processing other data.
The controlling parameters to define how to design something.
A piece of hardware used for putting data into the computer (input) or taking it out (output). The devices in the CMS system are:
To convert analog information, such as lines on a drawing, into the numbers of digital form.
A named group of files separated from other groups of files on a disk, much as paper documents are grouped in named folders
Files stored on the hard disk
Same as operating system.
To show text or graphics on the screen.
Digital Terrain Model. A method of representing a surface using numerical methods.
An area where waste material is placed.
Measured distance eastward from a reference north-south line. The X ground coordinate.
To inspect or alter data.
Short for electromagnetic distance measurement. Measurement of slope distance by reflecting electromagnetic signals from a prism (held by a staffman) back to a sending/receiving electronic theodolite. Since measuring the elapsed time between sending and return of a signal is impractical, the theodolite sends two signals of different frequencies and calculates the slope distance from their phase difference after reflection.
The height above an agreed datum.
A displayed message telling the type of error which has occurred and sometimes the error's location.
The process of creating contour lines from a DTM.
A theodolite measurement made with the telescope face left. Similar for face right sighting face left, face right The pointing of a theodolite telescope when the vertical circle is respectively left and right of the telescope, when seen from the eyepiece end.
A natural or artificial formation on the earth's surface, such as a road, tree, house and the like.
Data forming a predetermined part of a record. A field is rather like a box. Just as a box might have a name and something in it, so a field has a field name and a field value .
What a field is called. Some examples are: Point Number, Location Name, ID Number, String Number, Trap Distance.
The information held in a field. For example: If the field name is Date of birth The field value might be 17 March 1988
General term for a named set of data items stored in machine-readable form.
Sometimes called file type. The part of a file specifier to the right of the dot. It may be up to three characters long.
The way files are named and gathered together in directories
Information common to all records in a particular data file. If a data file has a file header, the header is the first line of the file.
The part of a file specifier to the left of the dot.
The volume of material below a defined surface.
A point being sighted in the direction of a survey's travel.
A file in which the standard data arranged in a standard way, usually in rows and standard width columns
A set of 10 or 12 keys labelled F1 to F10 or to F12, depending on the keyboard model. When pressed, they do whatever the current software has for them.
A screen which displays lines as well as characters
The XYZ coordinates of a point's position in space. They are usually measured in metres or feet whatever the unit, it must be used consistently within the one job.The X and Y axes are usually in the plane of the earth's horizon, with +X and +Y pointing east and north respectively. Z is usually the height above sea level. Thus the origin is any convenient point at sea level.
The height of a theodolite's telescope above a setup station
The height of a prism above a target station
Parallel to the earth's horizon.
The horizontal axis about which the telescope of a theodolite or tachometer may be moved on its trunnion bearing. Also called trunnion axis.
The graduated circular plate used for measuring horizontal angles by theodolite.
The software asks for information (or data) which you supply by typing at the keyboard. For convenience the information is broken into small packages, called fields.
Information entering a device. Data about to be processed. To enter information to read in data.
A general term for a level, theodolite, transit theodolite, or total station.
Positional fix of a point which is not going to be occupied, by sighting it from two or more known stations.
Whatever you choose to call a job, thus identifying that job to CMS.
A string file in which separated segments have been joined
A computer-input device with an array of keys to be pressed. Pressing the keys sends information to the computer.
A telescopic instrument used in combination with a staff to measure the difference in level between two points. The telescope can rotate horizontally but not vertically.
Light, extensible system of graduated wooden rods used to transfer line of collimation of surveyor's level from backsight, on which it is first held vertically, to foresight, its second vertical station. As the line of collimation is horizontal, change of height is thus measured.
A method of describing the geology of a measured unit by using a defined code which represents the unit of interest.
The first part of a string file name.
A list of items. A passive thing which waits for you to do something generally by choosing a menu item with the mouse.
A control for moving a pointer around the computer screen
That pole of the horizon vertically below the observer hence the point on the celestial sphere diametrically opposite the zenith.
A term applied to a section drawn with equal vertical and horizontal scales.
The normal to a line or surface is a line drawn perpendicular to it.
Measured distance northward from a reference east-west line. The Y ground coordinate.
A file which contains textual data for printing or plotting.
The programs which control the computer resources.
A field you can fill in or not, depending on whether or not you have information to go there. If you want to skip such an optional field, press either Return or the down arrow. The cursor moves down to the next field below.
To make a paper copy on a plotter.
A computer-controlled output device for drawing on paper, usually with a selection of pens.
A coordinate in three dimensional space which may be stored and processed.
A short name given to a point so that it can be identified uniquely.
The common name for the electronic equivalent of a staff, used with EDM.
Another word for application or file, but not used by SSI.
A logical subsection or division of the ultimate or final pit which contains enough ore to sustain production over a definable time period.
To copy the contents of a file into the computer memory for processing.
Also called elevation or RL.
Duplicated elsewhere, and therefore not required.
A distant point from which angular distances to other marks may be taken at a station.
Positional fix of a point which is occupied, by sighting to three or more known stations which are not going to be occupied.
The difference between a measurement and its most probable value.
Used in some countries to mean elevation. Stands for reduced level.
To make a copy of part of the computer's memory, and store it as a named file on the disk.
The ratio of any ground length to its corresponding drawing length. For example, if an 800 m ground length is drawn as 2 m, the scale of 400 (800/2 = 400). Similarly, if an 80 m ground length is drawn as 50 mm, the scale of 1600 (80/.05 = 1600).
The glass face on which text and graphics are displayed. Also the monitor itself.
A line created by taking a vertical slice through a DTM.
The spacing between successive sections.
A subpart of a string. A segment may consist of many points connected in a sequence.
Location of theodolite above a station point.
The angle of a pit or dump to be used during the design of the pit or dump.
The distance between two points, not adjusted to the horizontal equivalent
An area inside which the one slope angle applies.
A string file which has one or more slope strings.
The area inside a slope string.
Measured distance southward from a reference east-west line.
The reduced level of a point, usually on the ground surface, not necessarily lying along a traverse or survey line.
A string whose sequence of points has no physical significance. That is, the string doesn't outline a shape.
The two additional horizontal lines, one on each side of the central line, fitted to the diaphragm of a telescope being used in tacheometry. Also called stadia hairs.
A special form of levelling staff bearing bold graduations suitable for the long sights usual in stadia tacheometry.
An extendable system of graduated rods used to transfer line of collimation of a surveyor's level from backsight (its first point) to foresight (its second point). In use, a staffman holds the staff vertically at the point while a surveyor aims the level's telescope at the staff and reads the graduations.
A point, being either a control station, a setup station a backsight station, or a foresight station
A set of points on one or more segments which is used to represent some aspect of the real world.
A file which contains one or more strings.
The number used to identify a string. May be between 1 and 32000.
Measurement of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth or in space, to enable natural and artificial features to be depicted in their true horizontal and vertical relationship by drawing them to scale on paper.
Surpac Work Area. An acronym for the area of memory where the program stores its data.
A method of describing the geology of a measured unit by using a defined hatch pattern which represents the unit of interest.
Angular surveying in which both horizontal and vertical positions of points are determined by sighting a staff through a theodolite.
A point (or a staff at that point) towards which an instrument is being sighted
A levelling staff with a sliding target. In use, the surveyor sights on the staff and directs the staffman to slide the target up or down. The staffman then records the target's position along the graduated staff.
Instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles by means of a telescope mounted on an axis made vertical by levelling screws, and rotated both horizontally on this axis and in horizontal bearings. Circular graduated plates are used to measure the amount of rotary motion when the telescope is sighted on successive points.
A combination of theodolite, electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) and data recorder. In use, the surveyor aims the telescope at a prism held by a staffman, and presses a button. The total station electronically measures and records: the distance from total station to prism the bearing of prism from total station, and the vertical angle of prism from total station.
The process of transforming from one set of coordinates to another by translation, rotation, or scale change. Although such a transformation may be made mathematically, graphically, or photographically, in this manual the term refers only to mathematical transformation.
Movement in a straight line without rotation.
The basic component of a DTM or Triobject. A simple polygon of only 3 points.
A survey station used in triangulation.
A survey based on a triangulation.
Another more generic name for a DTM. A triobject may have only one or more trisolations. Triobjects are identified by a number as are strings. A DTM is created with triobject number 1.
An isolated subpart of a triobject which consists of one or more triangles. In a DTM there is generally only one trisolation. Trisolations are to triobjects as segments are to strings. A DTM is created with triobject 1 trisolation 1.
The difference between an observation of a parameter and its true value. Since the true value is rarely known, the term is usually only of theoretical interest. The term residual error is of more use.
A revised issue of software, with improvements on an earlier issue.
Normal to the earth's horizon.
The graduated circular plate used for the measurement of vertical angles by theodolite.
Measured distance westward from a reference north-south line.
The point on the celestial sphere vertically above the observer's head one of the two poles of the horizon, the other being the nadir.